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Rechazando el despectivo término "Gringos" y el acusatorio "Yanquis", los cubanos prefieren referirse a nosotros sus vecinos del norte, como "Yumas". Este es el blog de un Yuma que quiere compartir sus ideas sobre ese archipiélago caribeño, motivo de candentes discusiones que suelen generar más calor que luz.
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HAVANA TIMES — It's been 14 years since Hugo Chavez burst into the Venezuelan presidency, and with him his project known as the "Bolivarian Revolution."
Weariness with the corruption of the Fourth Republic and the exclusion of the poor (who were suffering the impact of neoliberal policies) led to the establishment of an electoral front that put forward the lieutenant colonel, who won by a large margin over the other candidates, especially the representatives of the traditional parties.
From that moment on, the new government faced stiff resistance from those parties, as well as from an alliance of the media and the urban middle and upper classes, which in 2002 and 2003 turned to strategies of destabilization, including a failed coup. The new government managed to weather the storm, reconstructing a framework of domestic and international legitimacy in successive elections from 2004 to 2006.
The process, in an attempt to overcome the deficits of the Fourth Republic, expanded citizens' participation in Venezuela and put the social agenda in the center of the debate. Public policies grew, generating processes for including the marginalized – thanks to revenues generated by oil.
These elements — certainly positive — joined the redefinition of the regulatory framework (with a new constitution and the passage of new laws) with the recuperation of the role of the state as an active agent in national life, as it delineated the main features of the project that was (self) identified as Bolivarian.
But the democratizing effect of the new government was gradually tinged, starting in 2006, by increasing personal ambitions and political bureaucratization with the emergence of a hyper-presidential regime, a dominant political organization (the United Socialist Party of Venezuela, or PSUV), and the development of participatory mechanisms (community councils) that operated as instruments of political control and mobilization.
The rise of Hugo Chavez's charismatic leadership was accompanied by the discretionary use of state resources, as well as by the usurpation of the other national powers, both in party politics and social forces (movements, organizations) and the media, including those identified with the bourgeoisie as well as by popular figures and the independent left.
With the spreading of the idea of "Socialism of the 21st Century," the promotion of new enabling legislation, the proposal for constitutional reform and the creation of the PSUV, these steps advanced the authoritarian and statist tendencies, which were particularly visible in government institutions, the economic model and the legal architecture of the nation.
The concentration of power, which converges in the figure of President Hugo Chavez, appeals to a leader-masses relationship and confrontation with the enemy (opponents) in a strategy that tends to increasingly ignore current political norms — including the constitution itself — and which involves the manipulation of justice, control and surveillance of the press, and setbacks with respect to the human rights situation.
Likewise, within the Bolivarian ranks themselves, restrictions have been placed on the options for dissent and participation in the construction of the process; instead, there are constant appeals to the commander-president, to a military lexicon (using words like "battle," "campaign" and "missions"), and reliance on command and control styles implemented within the vertical structure of Chavez that leave no room for such "bourgeois folly."
With such a backdrop, Venezuela finds itself heading for the upcoming October 7 elections, one of the most significant moments of contemporary political history. On one side, this will reveal all of the strengthening and wearing down of a government anchored in power for 14 years, one whose success depends largely on the charismatic leadership of Hugo Chavez and the scope of his successful (yet deteriorated) social policies.
In the opposite corner, a motley opposition seems to have overcome its errors and divisions and has projected the youthful figure of Henrique Capriles, speaking in less belligerent language than his opponent but sharing the rosary of promises, magical-religious allusions and a not always well outlined program.
Both options seem not to have convinced an important segment of the electorate (the "neither-nors"), those who vacillate between recognition of the positive social management of the Chavez government and opposition to his authoritarian manner; they swing between hope for change and distrust of the old elites who surround the opposition candidate.
The underlying drama, however, is that the large blocs competing in the current electoral conjuncture — the Chavistas vs. the anti-Chavistas — are appealing to similar organizational and identifying elements: parties with diffuse ideologies, charismatic leadership, the use of rhetoric; and populist, patronage-fueled mobilizing programs and styles.
A depolarizing option (combining the defense of rights and freedoms with a sincere and substantive concern for social justice) has been obstructed by the polarized atmosphere as well as the institutional design (see the "Organic Law on Electoral Process") that favors and perpetuates it.
Experiences like the "Partido Patria para Todos" party, in 2010, and the bloc of popular organizations that proposed labor leader Orlando Chirino as an independent candidate — against the officialist ruling party and the opposition — don't seem to have many options in the current scenario, even when their presence is hopeful for those of us who identify with a socialist and democratic option as a solution to the crisis in Venezuela.
Once again, the relationship between the possible, the probable and the preferable is straining the panorama of political analyses and options. This explains why in the upcoming presidential election, the gaze of more than a few democrats and social activists is focused on preventing the victory of Chavez, whose victory — if we consider the sustained and belligerent references of his performance and speech — threatens to radically capture and transform the political arena, negating the possibility of representing political plurality and a correlation of forces and eliminating the autonomous action of citizens.
This is an interpretation accompanied by the realization that even if Capriles wins, he would have to incorporate those popularly recognized policies of the current government — social missions and community participation — and govern with a style and program of national (re)conciliation, in light of the enormous heterogeneity of the alliance around his candidacy and in the face of Chavez's political strength, which would be converted into (unless an electoral defeat or the death of their leader plays out adversely) a formidable and united opposition.
Unlike in other nations of the hemisphere, what's at stake in Venezuela isn't a simple rotation within the ruling elite or some moderate shift in the continuity of a political and economic project of integration into the system of globalization.
The central dilemma of every Venezuelan is whether they will again cast their vote (and their trust) in a government that threatens to radically and irreversibly alter the political field with the advancement of its authoritarian tendencies, or whether they will choose an alternative — with its inconsistencies and weaknesses — that objectively would have to negotiate with its opponents and the rest of society to lay better foundations for the exercise of citizens' rights and autonomy and political pluralism.
Because of that, many people won't vote so much for Capriles and his electoral alliance/program as they will against Chavez and his visible hegemonic project. Whatever the result of the October 7th elections (the change of a regime or the deepening of an authoritarian course), the fact is that a new stage begins in Venezuela of increasing complexity and political risks.
"Promoting the revolutionary socialist project of equality and dignity for all, the slogan ¡Venceremos! (We shall overcome!) appears throughout Cuba, everywhere from newspapers to school murals to nightclubs. Yet the accomplishments of the Cuban state are belied by the marginalization of blacks, the prejudice against sexual minorities, and gender inequities."Es verdad que hacia el final del evento hice una pregunta a los ponentes pidiéndoles que compararan – según sus experiencias personales y estudios sobre el tema - la homofobia en Cuba con la de Miami. En mi pregunta nunca mencioné ni al gobierno cubano ni al norteamericano. Mi pregunta tenía la intención - después de oír bastante sobre los abusos gubermentales mas que condenables contra los gays en Cuba - de pedir a los ponentes que hablaran un poco sobre la homofobia por parte del pueblo cubano tanto dentro como fuera de la isla.
Robin Prendes: (Sailing) Cuban-born Robin Prendes moved to Miami with his parents at the age of 6. He began to row there, at the American Barge Club, at the age of 12. Born in Matanzas, Cuba.
Danell Leyva: (Gymnastics) Cuban-born Danell Leyva fled Cuba with his mother and older sister 18 years ago. Now here he was, gold medal around his neck, USA emblazoned on his chest. "I'll always be proud to have been born in Cuba. I'll forever be Cuban," Leyva said before the world gymnastics championships, where he won the parallel bars title on Oct. 16 to give the U.S. men their first gold medal since 2003.
Manny Huerta:(Triathelon) Cuban-born Manny Huerta's grandmother fled Cuba in the 1980 Mariel boatlift. "She just said it was a very small boat, it was very crowded," said Huerta, 28. "She was just happy that she was able to make that trip. Thanks to her, we were able to move to the U.S." She was granted U.S. citizenship and then helped Huerta, his family get visas to join her in the U.S. In Cuba, Huerta's mother was a university physics professor. Now she's a driving instructor in Miami.
Amy Rodriguez: (Soccer) "I'm really competitive," she says. "That's probably why my coaches always put me at forward because I'm the one that's always persistent, always the one that's going out there and play after play trying to make something happen. I'm part Hispanic -- my dad's Cuban -- so that fiery Latina attitude definitely [comes out] in my game." Rodriguez says she's pretty Americanized and only speaks a little Spanish. But there are plenty of family reunions where Grandma cooks traditional dishes like congri, a mixture of rice and beans.
Christina McHale: (Tennis) Born in Teaneck NJ-- She is the daughter of John and Margarita McHale. Her father John is an Irish American while her mother Margarita was born in Cuba.
Ryan Lochte: (Swimming) By now, you know all about him. Let's remind everyone that his mother was born and raised in Cuba and he loves his grandmother's cooking! His favorite food is Bistec empanizado, picadillo y ropa vieja. Yeah!
JORGE DUANY
Catedrático de la UPREl Nuevo Día
Miércoles, 9 de mayo de 2012
http://www.elnuevodia.com/voz-undialogoentrecubanos-1252715.htmlEs hora de actualizar las leyes migratorias que limitan la circulación de personas entre Cuba y otros países, especialmente Estados Unidos. El gobierno cubano debe suprimir la categoría legal de la "salida definitiva", vigente desde 1961, para facilitar que los cubanos residentes en el exterior puedan regresar a la Isla y retener sus propiedades si así lo desean. Igualmente, deben eliminarse los permisos de entrada para los cubanos residentes en el exterior, así como los permisos de salida para los residentes en la Isla.Estas fueron algunas de las conclusiones de "Un diálogo entre cubanos", auspiciado por el Arzobispado de La Habana del 19 al 21 de abril pasado. Convocado por el cardenal Jaime Ortega, el encuentro reunió a unos 50 académicos, religiosos y laicos cubanos, incluyendo a tres de los coautores del informe sobre "La diáspora cubana en el siglo XXI". En julio de 2011, el Instituto de Investigaciones Cubanas (CRI) de la Universidad Internacional de la Florida divulgó este documento electrónico e impreso.Eusebio Leal, historiador de La Habana, dictó la conferencia inaugural. Orlando Márquez Hidalgo, director de la revista "Palabra Nueva" y organizador del evento, moderó el primer panel. Aquí me tocó resumir los planteamientos del mencionado informe. Uva de Aragón, exdirectora asociada del CRI, reseñó la última encuesta del Instituto sobre la opinión pública de los cubanoamericanos en Miami. Ileana Sorolla, directora del Centro de Estudios de Migraciones Internacionales de la Universidad de La Habana, disertó sobre la diáspora cubana vista desde Cuba. Aunque discreparon sobre si los cubanos en Estados Unidos son una diáspora, un exilio o una comunidad, las ponencias convergieron en sus argumentos centrales.El economista Pavel Vidal Alejandro moderó el segundo panel. Omar Everleny Pérez, director del Centro de Estudios de la Economía Cubana, documentó las persistentes dificultades económicas del país. Carlos Saladrigas, empresario residente en Estados Unidos, aplicó la doctrina social de la Iglesia Católica al desarrollo de las pequeñas y medianas empresas. Uno de los puntos sobresalientes de la discusión fue cómo las remesas enviadas por los cubanos residentes en el exterior podían contribuir al emergente sector no estatal de la economía cubana, particularmente el trabajo por cuenta propia.La historiadora María del Carmen Barcia moderó la tercera sesión. Tanto Uva de Aragón como Roberto Méndez, miembro del Consejo de Redacción de "Palabra Nueva", ampliaron el concepto de cubanía para incluir las aportaciones de la diáspora. La literatura, la música, las artes plásticas, el cine y otras expresiones culturales cubanas desbordan las fronteras geográficas y lingüísticas. Su comprensión requiere de un análisis cuidadoso de las semejanzas y diferencias entre la producción intelectual de la Isla y la diáspora.Rolando Suárez Cobián, asesor jurídico de la Conferencia de Obispos Católicos de Cuba, moderó el último panel. El abogado residente en Estados Unidos, Rolando Anillo, repasó las leyes estadounidenses y cubanas que dificultan el movimiento de personas entre los dos países. El vicedecano de Derecho de la Universidad de La Habana, Juan Mendoza Díaz, aludió a los cambios inminentes en la política migratoria cubana.En su mensaje de clausura, el obispo de Santa Clara, Arturo González, celebró el ambiente sosegado del encuentro y sugirió que se extendiera a otras provincias de la Isla, además de La Habana.La actividad demostró la posibilidad de "un diálogo entre cubanos" residentes en la Isla y en el exterior. Aunque existan múltiples fisuras ideológicas entre y dentro de las dos poblaciones, ambas coinciden en su patriotismo, fuertes lazos familiares y a menudo creencias religiosas. En este contexto, resulta indispensable el papel de la Iglesia Católica como mediadora entre el gobierno cubano y la diáspora. Esperamos que el diálogo se multiplique para bien de todas las familias cubanas a ambos lados del Estrecho de la Florida